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A federal judge cited EPIC’s amicus brief this week while ruling for the plaintiffs in National Coalition on Black Civic Participation v. Wohl, a case concerning voter intimidation and privacy.

The suit was brought by voters against several defendants who placed deceptive robocalls shortly before the 2020 election. The robocalls specifically targeted Black voters, falsely warning them that their personal information would be forwarded to debt collectors, law enforcement, and the CDC if they chose to vote by mail. The voters allege that this constitutes voter intimidation under the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Voting Rights Act.

The judge agreed, citing EPIC’s brief to explain, “An overarching threat that looms throughout the Robocall is the danger that a voter’s private information will become exposed if that person votes by mail. Voter privacy, as the amicus brief submitted by EPIC explains, is vital to election integrity. The secret ballot is such a fundamental part of elections throughout the United States that the failure to maintain voter privacy in some jurisdictions could lead to declaring that election null and void. (See EPIC Amicus at 4-5.) Underpinning the legal, economic, and bodily consequences that Defendants articulated through the Robocall was the notion that voting by mail put voters at risk of increased surveillance and scrutiny, exposing their private data to any entity seeking to utilize that information in nefarious ways.”

EPIC has a long history of working on voter privacy issues and in 2016 co-authored The Secret Ballot At Risk: Recommendations for Protecting Democracy.

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At a House Intelligence Committee hearing today, Rep. Darin LaHood says the FBI unlawfully searched for information about him in databases of information collected under FISA Section 702. Rep. LaHood—who is leading a working group on the reauthorization of Section 702—emphasized that this “egregious” violation “not only degrades the trust in FISA but is viewed as a threat to the separation of powers.” This querying was initially revealed in a government audit, along with a host of other FBI violations, including other queries relating to a local political party and a tip based on racial profiling. Section 702, which is due to expire at the end of 2023, authorizes the government to target foreigners for surveillance and acquire their internet communications with the compelled cooperation of U.S. service providers.

For years, EPIC has advocated for a ban on warrantless backdoor searches, arguing that the FBI’s query and use Section 702 data in routine criminal investigations entirely unrelated to national security without a warrant—or even an individualized court order—raises Fourth Amendment concerns. Most recently, EPIC urged the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board to recommend prohibiting warrantless backdoor searches and has joined a coalition of civil liberties groups proposing broader reform to Section 702. EPIC is also committed to increasing transparency around the FBI’s Section 702 activities. In EPIC v. NSD, EPIC obtained a report containing important information about the FBI’s use of Section 702 authority.

EPIC recently published several posts—including one on backdoor searches—as part of a new blog series focused on explaining Section 702 and the need to reform it.

Jeramie Scott, EPIC Senior Counsel & Director of the Project on Surveillance Oversight, released the following statement regarding the FBI’s abuses of Section 702:

“Rep. LaHood’s statement today that he was the subject of unlawful FBI querying under Section 702 is an alarming revelation and further confirmation that the FBI’s backdoor searches are ripe for abuse. Today’s revelation needs to be a wakeup call for Congress to end these warrantless backdoor searches and implement comprehensive reform to rein in the surveillance state and protect Americans’ privacy and civil liberties.”

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While I was still in middle school, I experienced the thrill of calling and killing my first coyote, which fetched a handsome sum of $55 at the local fur buyer. This event sparked my interest in coyote-calling, and I soon found myself relying on fur to make a living as I struggled to establish my outfitting business after high school. Through persistent trial and error, I learned the art of coyote-calling, eventually winning frequent contests.

Today, although my livelihood no longer depends on the fur market, I still feel the rush of adrenaline every time a coyote responds to my calls. Communicating with another species is always fascinating, but nothing responds more eagerly than a hungry winter coyote. Even a mountain dog, recently full from a winter-killed elk, responded voraciously to the cries of a suffering rabbit, proving that coyotes don’t need to be starving to react to a varmint call.

Whether for fun, profit, or winning contests, I have compiled ten tips to help you make the most of your coyote-calling efforts this season.

Get Away from Civilization for Better Coyote Hunting Results

Hunting coyotes with calls requires strategic planning and careful execution. One key factor to consider is hunting pressure. With less hunting pressure, coyotes become easier prey, making it more likely for you to have a successful hunt.

When I was first starting out, I was limited to farms and pastureland within walking distance from my suburban home. However, these coyotes had already heard and seen it all, making them less likely to respond to my calls. Since then, my most fruitful coyote hunting expeditions have been into the wilderness – lonely sage deserts, deep mountain habitats, and remote plains.

Coyotes are quick learners, and even minimal calling can make them wary. By traveling farther from civilization, you increase your chances of encountering more naive coyotes. Remember that successful coyote hunting is all about finding the right balance between hunting pressure and available prey.

Always Pay Attention to Wind Direction When Calling Coyotes

Regardless of the location, it’s crucial to consider wind direction when setting up for coyote calls. Even on calm days, human scent can travel far on thermals and light breezes. To minimize scent, some hunters use scent-free soap and clothing and store them in scent-free containers. There are two approaches to dealing with the wind: selecting topography that makes it hard for coyotes to approach downwind or setting up to cover downwind sectors with long-range rifles. If a coyote approaches from downwind and hesitates, take the shot, even if it’s far away.

One solution is to occupy high points such as mesas or steep terrain overlooking flatter ground, with the wind blowing up the face. Alternatively, on still mornings, occupy sharp bottoms like arroyos or washes, where cool air carries thermals down the cut while you monitor surrounding hillsides. When dealing with moderate breezes, occupy knolls or points where the wind carries scent well above the…

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On March 10, 2021, President Joe Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) into law, hailing it as a historic and transformational bill, which “[f]or the first time in a long time, [. . .] puts working people in this nation first” by providing much-needed economic support. Two years later, media and government reporting show that local governments and police departments have used significant amounts of their COVID-19 relief funds to fund police surveillance technology, buying everything from gunshot detection systems to automatic license plate readers (ALPRs) to phone hacking tools.

Background

State and local governments continue to allocate more and more resources toward police surveillance technology as part of their “tough on crime” policies. This expansion is fueled by federal funding, which lowers the cost of acquisition at the state and local level, enabling smaller precincts to purchase mass surveillance tools at a fraction of the cost. As EPIC’s Senior Counsel and Director of Litigation John Davisson told Boulder Beat earlier this year, many departments have a “‘shoot-first, ask questions later’ approach of ‘Let’s get more surveillance tech and see what we could do.”

Congress passed ARPA, a $1.9 trillion economic stimulus package, to help states combat the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as media outlets have reported, ARPA has become the latest example of state and local authorities funneling federal dollars into their police departments and prison systems.

President Biden has also been clear that he supports the use of ARPA dollars to fund policing and purchase surveillance technology. At a Gun Violence Prevention Task Force Meeting in February 2022, President Biden said, “I want more cities and states to use some of the $350 billion we sent to them on the American Rescue Plan to fight crime, to keep our communities safe by hiring more police officers for community policing and paying police overtime.” President Biden further emphasized that he wanted cities to use that money to “purchas[e] gun-fighting technologies, like technologies that hears, locates gunshots so there can be immediate response because you know exactly where it came from.”

This emphasis on police surveillance technology as a panacea for crime is in part the result of persistent lobbying from surveillance companies. In addition to their federal lobbying presence, these companies are all too eager to help local authorities purchase their tools with ARPA funding. Many of these companies have blog posts and other resources that aim to help local officials secure funding for their surveillance tools, even including pre-drafted language for pitching city councils and other elected officials.[1]

This lobbying has been effective in many instances; some cities have adopted these new surveillance technologies with little to no public debate. However, other cities have seen robust public debate over the deployment of these technologies, in some cases persuading city councils to reject proposals for surveillance technology or at a minimum allocating non-ARPA funds….

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This post is part of a running blog series on Section 702 ahead of its reauthorization deadline in December 2023. In this series, EPIC will dive deeper into Section 702 and the need for significant reform.

Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was added to FISA through the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 and allows the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence to authorize together “the targeting of non-U.S. persons reasonably believed to be located outside the United States to acquire foreign intelligence information.”[1] Although the targets are non-U.S. persons believed to be outside the United States, National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance conducted under Section 702 nonetheless captures communications of U.S. persons.

The reason U.S. Persons’ communications are so often caught up in foreign intelligence surveillance is because Section 702 1) authorizes FISC to approve a broad surveillance program for a year at a time, 2) does not require FISC to approve specific targets based on probable cause, and 3) grants the authority of target approval to the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. In practice, this means a lot of targets and according to the latest government transparency report, there were over 230,000 targets in 2021.[2] Additionally, targets are not necessarily individuals as the use of the word “persons” in Section 702 would suggest. When the government targets a “person” under Section 702 that could mean not only an individual but “any group, entity, association, corporation, or foreign power.”

Once those communications are acquired by the NSA, other intelligence agencies may search those communications. Because of its domestic law enforcement role, the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) querying of Section 702 databases far exceeds that of all other agencies with access—the NSA, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)—combined. The alarming scope and nature of the FBI’s warrantless backdoor searches shows that this “foreign intelligence” surveillance tool has increasingly become a tool of domestic surveillance.

What is a Warrantless Backdoor Search?

The surveillance methods used under Section 702 acquire a massive amount of communications data that inevitably sweeps up the communications of U.S Persons. The acquisition of U.S. Persons’ communications under Section 702 surveillance is often referred to as “incidental” collection; however, Section 702 surveillance is carried out in a way that communications from U.S. Persons are expected to be acquired as part of collecting communications from the targets.

A warrantless backdoor search is a search of Americans’ communications “incidentally” collected under Section 702. Traditionally, the Fourth Amendment protects Americans against unreasonable and warrantless searches by domestic law enforcement agencies. Section 702 creates a loophole in the Fourth Amendment that allows the government, most notably the FBI, to keep the communications of Americans “incidentally” collected under Section 702 and search these communications without a warrant approved by a judge—even though these communications did not come from the targets of Section 702 surveillance. Thus, Section 702 has created a backdoor for the FBI to…

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For most homesteaders, the goal is simple—to live an independent, self-sufficient, and sustainable lifestyle. To accomplish this, most of us focus on meeting as many of our own needs as possible. 

Whether it’s to be independent, save money, eat healthier, become better prepared, or plan for times of hardship, homesteading means leaving a materialistic lifestyle behind and embracing a do-it-yourself attitude.

A Brief History of Homesteading

Once upon a time, everyone was a homesteader. Of course, as human civilization progressed, some people became bankers, shopkeepers, etc., and fewer people were living off the land. But throughout human existence, homesteading has existed in some form. 

Congress passed the Homestead Act in 1862, as well as the Southern Homestead Act in 1866, to allow any US citizen to stake a claim of public land with one stipulation. They had to live on the land and improve it for a period of five years. Then, for a small registration fee, it was theirs, free and clear.  

Not only did this help develop the land to the west, but it also helped advance the manufacturing industry in the east. People needed tools and supplies to clear land, build homes, and grow their homesteads.

Although the Homestead Act wasn’t repealed until 1976, people began abandoning the homesteading lifestyle during the Industrial Revolution. Homesteading was (and still is) hard work, and in many instances, it was outright dangerous.  

Little by little, people exchanged a self-sustaining lifestyle for an easier life. But now, many people are returning to the homesteading lifestyle.

Homesteading Today

Supermarkets are filled with readily available, premade foods that are easy to obtain. Not only are many of these foods packed with fillers, preservatives, and sugar, but even farming ethics and practices are being called into question.

People are beginning to recognize the cost of convenience and turning to alternatives. Little by little, homesteading has become an increasing trend.

Many of today’s homesteaders strive to embrace lifestyle and agricultural practices that were relevant throughout history while incorporating a few modern conveniences, such as emergency generators, power tools, and tractors. 

They prefer to practice sustainability and agricultural ethics that are in harmony with their homes and resources, as well as the land. They take particular interest in what they put in their soil, spray on their crops, or feed their animals because it ultimately goes in their mouths.

A common misconception is that homesteading requires a lot of land (1 acre homestead layouts), but homesteaders cover many facets and live in many places:

Modern-day homesteading is less about land and more about a mindset that embraces doing what you can with what you have, no matter where you are.

Homesteading Skills 

Because homesteaders ultimately strive for independence and self-sustainability,…

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